Category Archives: Fashion & Textile Design

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Week 9: Summary.

The lectures were all interesting and helped to contextualise the practical work. I liked the fact that we call all raise our own opinions and contribute when we felt like we needed to.

I find the writing element of the course very difficult and need help and support to put my words down on paper, I found the last Reflective Writing exercise very difficult and am having a dyslexia test in December to see why I find writing so hard.  I know what it is that I want to say but really struggle to write it.

I found the Online Resources task quite challenging. My immediate plan was to link the image to fashion and clothing but whilst undertaking the research I found information, mainly from the V&A website, that inspired me to link the image to interior design and furniture. I felt that the use of primary and secondary materials helped me realise more about the resources available and to be prepared to think a bit more widely about the final written piece. I ended up writing about something completely different than my initial planned item.

The Visual Research task was initially pretty challenging and I could not see how I would be able to find out such detailed information about the designer and what the inspiration was for their range. I approached this very differently than I would have previously. I researched and found an up and coming designer, I then found her pinterest board which showed a wide range of items that inspired her and her collection. This in turn led me to discover new images, designers and photographers – which I then researched further – as well as seeing that she was inspired by some of the same designers and photographers that inspire me too.

The Ethics module was incredibly difficult to write about and I felt that the images used were very shocking, particularly the Terry Richardson images which I felt were totally unacceptable, crossing over into pornography. I would question why such shocking images were used in the task – particularly where the photographer has been accused of sex crimes against women. Ethics covers a whole range of subjects and the task seemed only to focus on sex and sexploitation whereas race, politics, drugs, inequality, gender could all quite easily have been the subject matter for the task.

Whilst accepting that fashion uses sex widely to sell, I felt the images shown were at the extreme end of the spectrum and obviously unacceptable. The task would have been more relevant and challenging if the ethical dilemma represented in the image was less sexually overt and more mainstream – where the ethics were more questionable, for example the Vogue India 2008 editorial has a much wider set of ethical arguments that could be made. I was unhappy with this task.

With the exception of the material in the ethics module I have really enjoyed the challenges set out in both the written work and in the workshops. I found the Online Resources and Visual Research tasks the most valuable as they have taught me to think differently in how to approach the use of resources and how to search for the information relevant to the activity in hand.

Week 8: Ethical Issues in Fashion/Textiles Advertising.

 

Images such as the one shown in the Duncan Quinn advertisement seek to reinforce gender stereotypes and, by association, extend the definition of power to the clothing worn by the male – particularly through the use of the tie as a control mechanism. The entire composition of the image is to demonstrate male superiority – from the clothing, the use car, to the height of the male, the use of the tie and of course the semi naked physically oppressed woman.

Whilst the fashion industry often seeks to shock and provoke thought by the use of imagery my feeling is that this image does nothing other than reinforce the gender stereotype with a deeply concerning image that is shocking by what it represents rather than conveying any underlying message. I would hope that the image was banned and that the advertiser received a lot of negative comment as a result of portraying women in this way.

The advertisement is obviously aimed at successful men – promoting bespoke hand-made suits that cost between $4,000 and $30,000 – seemingly giving the message that you can get away with anything because you are a wealthy, well dressed, white male. The male is seen to be using the tie from his suit to strangle or control the scantily clad female – over the bonnet of an expensive sports car, associating power and wealth with the wearer.

The ethical issues that need to be taken into consideration are male domination, murder, rape, gratuitous violence, anti-feminism, male superiority, money/power, humiliation, slavery, abuse, sex, sexual exploitation, disregard of human rights, oppression, subordination, gender stereo-typing.

It is clear, to most people, that the image is completely unacceptable and you would wonder who might find this imagery appealing or lead them to buy a product, you would also wonder why an advertiser would think that it is acceptable to portray a woman in this way – or indeed reinforce the macho gender stereotype. The only explanation I can find it that the advertiser wants to shock and to build some notoriety around the brand, but it must be assumed that many women would find this brand unacceptable and discourage their partner from associating with it.

If the person viewing the image was unfamiliar the work of Duncan Quinn or did not see the image in the context of a fashion magazine – would they interpret the image differently?

The image would appear to be a direct provocation to feminism, particularly radical feminism, where the definition of power is represented by some in terms of dominance/subordination or master/slave relationships.

The work of legal theorist Catharine MacKinnon closely ties domination with gender difference, stating that “if gender difference is itself a function of domination, then the implication is that men are powerful and women are powerless by definition.” MacKinnon goes on to state that “it is a basic fact of male supremacy that no woman escapes the meaning of being a woman within a gendered social system, and sex inequality is not only pervasive but may be universal (MacKinnon 1989, 104-05).

References:

TrendHunter.com. 2017. Disturbing Sexist Ads: Duncan Quinn Suit Campaign Depicts Strangled Woman. Available from: https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/duncan-quinn-suit-ad-depicting-strangled-woman. [Accessed 24 November 2017].

MacKinnon, Catharine, 1987. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Week 6: Reflective Writing in Fashion and Textiles.

Fashion as communication – Etymologies and definitions of fashion and clothing

The piece starts by using etymology to attempt to clearly define the term ‘fashion’ and then explores the family of associated synonyms to help the reader to understand the scope of that definition. It seeks to provide the reader with as wide a sense of the term as possible, linking the term ‘fashion’ with ‘fetish’ – perhaps to give some explanation to both the idea of fashion as an obsession and fashion as challenging the norm.

Having defined the term, the piece then goes on to contrast it against anti-fashion and ceremonial or tribal costumes and argues that certain social conditions must be met in order to support the establishment of fashion – those being the need for union and the desire for an individual to be part of a larger society (Simmel, 1971:301). This point is backed up by the statement that “Fashionable clothing is used in western capitalist societies to affirm both membership of various social and cultural groups” (Wilson 1992a:34).

It goes on to discuss how fashion is viewed from different perspectives and raises the argument that fashion is both fraudulent and trivial, fit only for the intellectually disenfranchised. The argument for stating why fashion is both trivial and fraudulent is not very comprehensive, the piece then states three reasons why this is not the case; firstly that it is an inevitable consequence of socio-economic organization (class), second that it is a cultural response and third that it is about decoration – none of the three arguments are very strongly made and very little reference is made to fashion as an art form and also the commercial contribution made to the economy.

In the text it states that tattooing is fashion, this point is challenged by Matteucci and Marino claiming that “for tattooing to belong in the domain of fashion, it must reflect the wish for a fashion that does not change…tattoos have made a start toward anti-fashion status and they are surely intended to be anti-fashion”. (Matteucci and Marino: 17).

I am disappointed that the author does not draw a stronger parallel with the Arts world, preferring to spend more time in defining the term. The author Elizabeth Wilson compares fashion to photography explaining that “both (are) liminal forms, on the threshold between art and not-art. Both are industrially produced, yet deeply individual. Both are poised ambiguously between present and past”, (Wilson, 2003). To me this definition is easier to comprehend and links fashion far more strongly with the Arts.

Given the amount of text in the introduction to defining the term fashion, I feel the arguments raised in support of fashion not being trivial are quite weak, the author clearly shows their personal opinion by stating that “the idea that fashion and clothing are trivial pursuits is just one popular prejudice” but the main argument they use to support this is that fashion is “inevitable”. The second argument, social justice, is also poorly made with little reference made to the issues associated with third-world production, child labour, pollution or sustainability or, conversely, the economic contribution of the fashion industry to the global economy.

References:

Matteucci, G. and Marino, S. (2017). Philosophical perspectives on fashion. London: Bloomsbury.

Google Books. 2017. Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity – Elizabeth Wilson – Google Books. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Adorned_in_Dreams.html?id=j-kBAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false. [Accessed 12 November 2017].

 

Conclusion

When I first received the research and communication briefing I was very nervous as English is not my strongest subject and I have not had to write an essay before. Although I found writing my first few posts confusing as I was unsure on what I had to write, I feel like my writing has improved throughout this module. The more confident I became in my writing the more I enjoyed my tasks and lectures. I found the lectures fun and interesting therefore I was more engaged when having to write my essay. Although I found some of the tasks challenging, I felt like they were the most beneficial to me. It allowed me to challenge myself and really think about what it is thats is expected of me for the certain essays.

As the first 2 tasks were research tasks I felt like I was repeating myself in my essays. I really struggled to write 500 words for my first task as I found the task quite straight forward. I did however find Harvard referencing really difficult to get my head around at first and it is something I still struggle with now. I have not used this method of referencing before and struggle to remember the format for each research method. I really enjoyed the lecture of our second task about plagiarism as I found it really interesting how famous designers have copied family heirlooms, independent designers and national costume. Discussing whether plagiarism is important and what plagiarism is was really fun and engaging. When given our task for this lecture I was really disappointed that we did not get the opportunity to talk about our opinions of plagiarism. I felt that the second task was the same as the first and could have been more interesting by being able to give our opinions on the lecture we previously saw.

The task which I found most engaging was the Ethics task (9/10). It gave me the opportunity to write about a subject I feel passionate about and analyse an image that was very controversial. I struggle to find quotes to back up my opinions because I am not sure where to look or how I should look. It would be great to improve on this next semester. I find writing my opinion about a subject much easier than explaining my research process. Not only do I find it more interesting but I also have much more to write about. I would love to be able to do more of these tasks as I feel that it improves my writing hugely.

Overall, although I was not looking forward to this module, I have found it interesting and it has hugely improved my writing skills. I manage to write the essays much quicker and find it easier as I have had more practice. Although some tasks were daunting at first I was really happy once they were complete and found that they were not as hard as I originally thought.

Week 4: Visual Research.

 

Molly Goddard

Based In: London

With a couple of seasons already produced, Molly Goddard is in the early stages of getting her talent and fashion recognized. In December, She won the British Emerging Talent Award at the 2016 Fashion Awards. Goddard’s Spring 2017 collection was full of dreamy and playful runway looks.

http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-week/g2933/new-designers-to-know-0913/

 

 

 

 

Molly Goddard’s References for her work.

Grumpy girls at the prom, photograph by Mario Testino.

The image consists of four girls all looking at something to their right, all have very serious expressions considering they are at a prom. Testino is well known for his portrait photography and this image differs in that it focusses on the wide shot of the girls, the informal composition shows the girls sat closely together, their sullen expressions suggest they are unhappy.

Their facial expression could be because they do not have a date for the prom – there could be religious reasons why this may be the case – they may be from an all-girls school. They are all wearing beautiful white soft dresses – suggesting some religious connection?

The photographer is well known for his portraits, including royalty and fashion photography. His work regularly appears in Vogue, he was famous for his informal photographs of Princess Diana – and has continued photographing the royal family in this style ever since.

His photographs of Diana showed her as a happy vivacious person, whereas the reality is she was deeply unhappy. He seems to like to capture a persons mood – in the image of the four girls it might be coincidental that they all looked unhappy at that particular moment.

Pinterest 2017. Grumpy girls at the prom, shot by Mario Testino, a reference image for Molly Goddard AW15. Available from: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/215680269631241656/. [Accessed 28 October 2017]

 

Task 9 and 10: Ethical Issues.

Duncan Quinn, (2008), Advert [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/duncan-quinn-suit-ad-depicting-strangled-woman [Accessed 4 December 2017].

Advertisement can be the first contact we can have with a brand that we’ve never known before. Most adverts hope to influence the consumers on what products to buy or inform them about new goods on the market. Therefore, this industry is a constant war to capture the viewer’s attention and to do so companies have to take risks to fulfil their goals.

Duncan Quinn, a high quality brand specialised on men clothing released in December of 2008 an advert that many considered to be disturbing. It featured two main characters, a man and a woman, in a black and white picture. The man located on the top right-hand side is dressed in a suit and poses with an expression of joy and satisfaction. He represents an individual from upper class with high income who depicts the poorest example of mannerisms and gentleman behaviour. He’s holding a tie wrapped around the victim’s lifeless body pulling it hard against him while he looks straight to the recording device. Meanwhile, the woman is lying on a car hood with nothing else than lingerie and her dark hair is lying on a puddle of what I imagine is blood.

The image seems to reveal a crime scene where the damage has already been done. Its almost like the picture is a prize to be kept by the murderer as a reminder of his accomplishments. On the other hand, the fact that the woman is lying defenceless on what seems an expensive car only communicates ideas of male superiority, woman slavery and dependency, as if women were inferior and only to be used as objects for pleasure.

I believe this is not the right way to capture the consumer’s attention, especially if we take steps back in the development of society to promote violence, sexual harassment and gender inequality. However, as unfair as it looks “Nobody counts the number of ads you run; they just remember the impression you make” (William Bernhart, 1911-1982); and without realizing here we are taking about the impact that this commercial had in the society of the time. What about all the other adverts that stayed inside the ethical limits? Who talks about those?

It is quite a delicate situation when a brand decides to take these risks. Whenever a company launches a new campaign they must select their public target and create an advert that they believe will result in higher profit. Nevertheless, it is essential that while doing this, they respect the rest of the possible consumers of the brand. For instance, the woman that will be buying suits for their close male relatives might take into consideration whether to buy from this brand again after seeing such publicity.

In conclusion, it is important for a company to sell themselves differently from the rest and cause an impression. However, I do not agree when they surpass the ethical boundaries to accomplish this. The consequences of this advertisement can be deeply devastating. Our eye gets easily used to seeing situations like this, and the more often we are exposed to these images the more likely events like this will appear to be normal.

 

Bibliography: 

UKEssays. 2017. Ethical issues in advertising. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/ethical-issues-in-advertising.php. [Accessed 04 December 2017].

TrendHunter.com. 2017. Disturbing Sexist Ads: Duncan Quinn Suit Campaign Depicts Strangled Woman. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/duncan-quinn-suit-ad-depicting-strangled-woman. [Accessed 04 December 2017].

Advertising Is Good For You. 2017. Duncan Quinn. Suits for men who hate women. – Advertising Is Good For You. [ONLINE] Available at: http://pzrservices.typepad.com/advertisingisgoodforyou/2008/12/duncan-quinn-suits-for-men-who-hate-women.html. [Accessed 04 December 2017].

Kent Spiers. 2011. Student Example. [ONLINE] Available at: http://hcaldwell.typepad.com/files/student-example-1.pdf. [Accessed 4 December 2017].

Venture Harbour. 2017. 32 Great Quotes From Advertising & Marketing Experts. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ventureharbour.com/great-quotes-advertising-marketing-experts/. [Accessed 04 December 2017].

The Economic Times. 2017. Definition of “Advertising”. [ONLINE] Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/advertising. [Accessed 4 December 2017].

The Guardian. 2017. Shopper’s eye view of ads that pass us by | Media | The Guardian. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/19/advertising.marketingandpr. [Accessed 05 December 2017].
Office/Bureau. 2017. Bill Bernbach Said | Biography. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ddb.com/BillBernbachSaid/more-about-bill/biography.html. [Accessed 05 December 2017].

Task 7 and 8: Reflective writing.

Text selected: Taste, Fashion and the French Fashion Magazine by Sandra Miller.

 

We all know what a fashion magazine looks like. Pages packed with brands, luxury items and ads with thin figures in designer clothes; things that many seem to think of as unnecessary and unimportant. However, these publications play a fundamental role as trendsetters and act as a examples of “good taste”.

Magazines emerged in 1672 around the Age of Reason or also called the Enlightenment. This movement believed that reason provided the only way for humanity to evolve and thereupon, magazines were influenced by it as well. In fact, time after they originated, these publications started featuring both fashion and “taste”. This so-called “taste” came to life to describe a reality influenced by the judgement of the individual and its cultural, economic and political surrounding, something that magazines seize to effectively communicate visually era after era.

For these philosophers of the Enlightenment, “taste” was a way of setting a base for all judgement of any aesthetic experiences. The purpose of it was being able to express individual thoughts in a way that they could be understood universally. In other words, establish what meant the idea of “disliking” or “liking” a work of art. However, although everyone can determine their own idea of beauty, these philosophers considered that only those qualified could distinguish between “good and bad taste”.

In my point of view, I completely agree with what Sandra Miller describes in the text. For instance, someone’s background, their traditions and culture will affect their appreciation towards art. However, I disagree with the idea of an existing “bad taste”. To me all subjective matters are far too attached with someone’s personality and what they are used to see. What good taste might be considered in the Western world will be completely different in an African or Indian society. For this reason, I consider “bad taste” to be only possible when it doesn’t adapt itself to your style or your individuality.

I do believe that with the high impact of adverts we receive every day, it is very easy to get influenced by trends and mimic these in our outfits, making our personality almost invisible through our outer appearance. However, it is time to take advantage of the broad market offer and push our taste to the surface. Taste is something to embrace and never to be ashamed of.

 

 

Bibliography: 

HISTORY.com. 2017. Enlightenment – Facts & Summary – HISTORY.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.history.com/topics/enlightenment. [Accessed 01 December 2017].

2017. Why Fashion Magazines Matter – The Atlantic. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/02/why-fashion-magazines-matter/385457/. [Accessed 01 December 2017].

Already Pretty | Where style meets body image. 2017. What is Taste? – Already Pretty | Where style meets body image. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.alreadypretty.com/what-is-taste/. [Accessed 01 December 2017].

Fashion: A look at Style vs Taste | Smart Creative Women. 2017. Fashion: A look at Style vs Taste | Smart Creative Women. [ONLINE] Available at: http://smartcreativewomen.com/fashion-a-look-at-style-vs-taste/. [Accessed 03 December 2017].

HuffPost. 2017. What Is Fashion Sense and Why Don’t I Have Any? | HuffPost. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/taylor-jackson-/what-is-fashion-sense-and_b_9276598.html. [Accessed 03 December 2017].

The Devil Wears Prada, 2006. [DVD] David Frankel, United States: 20th Century Fox.

 

Research & Communication Task 7&8

In ‘Fashion as Communication’, Bernard explores the ambivalent status of fashion, drawing on a range of ideas. Chapter one explains how social and cultural groups in western capitalist societies are affirmed by fashionable clothing which connotates power and status; and furthermore the contrast of this with primitive societies where fashion is used so differently as a means of identifying with eachother and one’s culture. The important debate on the triviality of fashion, is supported by interesting concepts, for example how fashion gives the ‘neutral’ and pure human body, meaning; and contrastingly, how this can make people respond how they should not by presenting the body as something that it is not. The writer explains how fashion is therefore a meeting point within the realms of psychology, sociology, economics, anthropology and history, forming the ties on a culture as a base for stabilising economy.

Regarding this debate, reading from ‘Fashion Media’ about the role of fashion magazines, Miller explains ‘the magazines’ distinguished readership were told how to dress, how to furnish their elegant interiors and how to entertain’. This realises how fashion is not limited to the way we dress, but forms the basis of our social society. Ideas of class and power communicated by fashion through taste, decoration and luxury. Furthermore, when speaking with friends, it was suggested that because of the visual age we now live in, fashion is a way for people ‘to express themselves instantly’, and this I agree with especially as there are so many accessible blogs which combine fashion with lifestyle and interior decoration.

Although Bernard presents us with a plethora of theories to ponder, I feel that some of these are notably less relevant; particularly the statement that fashion is for women and is ‘sublime and childlike’. I think Bernard failed to explain how this came about by noting how the expectations of women in the past was to be seen and not heard, therefore leaving them with only one way of expressing themselves which was through dress. Bernard also says ‘genius is found more often in the realms of art than design’, which i believe is untrue. It is fair to say, that fashion is an art form which is limited to, yet equally inspired by the forms of the pure and natural human form. It would be unfair to say that a painting holds a stronger and more ‘gutsy’ concept than a garment design because I feel that it is the designer and artist who should be contemplated along with their ideas and expression, not the products of their creativity.

Fashion as Communication’ to me, is an interesting collection of ideas and theories of the role of fashion. However I feel that the writer has perhaps unfairly filtered his collection of concepts, failing to address the debate with appropriate and more modern fundamental ideas even with the book being published not long ago. Of course, much like fashion itself, the ideas within this book are down to interpretation and each reader will gather from the text differently.

References:

Bartlett, Djurdja and Cole, Shaun and Rocamora, Agnes (21st November 2013) Fashion Media: Past and Present, Bloomsbury Academic, London/New York, ISBN 978-0-8578-5307-3.30

Barnard, Malcolm (2002) Fashion as Communication,
London: Routledge

Summary – Research and Communication Skills

Throughout the duration of the ‘Research and Communication Skills’ I have aimed to become more diligent to maintain a constructed and accurate timetable to complete each task; some tasks have been more engaging than others. However, they have all been very beneficial and I feel as though I have learnt valuable skills, which will aid me in the future.

The combination of both the Communication project and the portfolio has been a nice balance and has influenced my work throughout the continuing fashion-based projects. It has also made me reconsider how I view fashion. Particularly the latest task, the involvement of ‘Ethical Issues’ has transformed the depiction of women and how the world sees them as a sexual conquest and nothing more than a glass frame. This has made me more aware of the issues that we face as a generation and society, so perverse by sexual desires that there is no modesty.

Other involvements which are more analytical such as Harvard referencing have contributed to my other projects and have encouraged referencing throughout my sketchbooks and research files. Learning to range my sources of research was very important as usually I would dedicate my findings to the Internet, although discovering the use of the library and how important it is to find useful facts that are professionally checked and valid was very difficult online in comparison.

Another form of research which I have realised is difficult to work with is primary research, there is a noticeable lack within my work and I have tried to act on this and involve much more through visiting local areas. I intend to research more, I feel that the reason I cannot develop further in many of my projects is because of the lack of this, there is limited first-hand research. To resolve this, I could take photographs and even complete basic drawing.

The task of ‘Reflective Writing in Fashion and Textiles’ was surprisingly easy to write about as usually I have trouble reading books and incorporating several quotes in any written essay. However, in reflection through the preparation that went beforehand with many of the other essays I found the work easier. In some way they were like a warm up to the later essays which I have written.

The most challenging task for me was the ‘Visual Research’, I constantly feared that I wasn’t doing the task correctly by selecting Vincent van Gough one of the artists from my mood board. My main concerns were whether I had written enough or not; word counts slowly became an obsession which has gradually made me work lack in quality. In many ways the essay became almost a biography of Van Gough’s life. Although I believe that this has slowly sorted itself within the work.

The modules have been very beneficial and have supported my additional work outside the classes. I found every element enjoyable and would recommend continuing this through to the future years of this course – learning Harvard Referencing has been particularly useful, and I eagerly look forward to continuing this in the following semester.

 

task 10/11

Throughout this module I’ve found I’ve been challenged in a way I never have before as most of the tasks were topics that I have never really touched before. I felt very engaged in the lectures and they were very beneficial in order to complete the tasks set. I found some tasks harder than others but overall, they were necessary to expand my knowledge in another aspect of fashion.

All the tasks set required the appropriate research to back up my own opinions. I found myself using the internet more than I should have done as it’s a convenient source to go to when completing work at home. However, I did use the library to my advantage as it’s the most reliable source of information. At times I found that the library is a longer process to find the right information but when you finally get there in the end it is well worth the time you spend looking for your information. As you use the library more often you will find that when find your research the process gets easier as you know your way around.

When it came to the time to complete another task I found myself always stuck at the start but would then find my flow once I would begin. I would always find the tasks I would find raising my interest easier to write about. For instance, when it came to write about the task on Ethics, I found it a lot easier to give my own opinion on the topic and I found it easier to back them up as it is a popular matter of interest. I did however use the internet for this topic but in future I would rather use the books from the library to make it easier for myself and to have more reliable resource to quote from.

In future it will be easier for myself to complete the tasks in the week they are set, rather than avoiding them so it will give me time to edit if needed and the information from the lecture will still be fresh in my mind. I would also like to start writing a small plan of what I will write about before starting to avoid my paragraphs being disproportioned and going over the word limit. Hopefully this will teach me to break down my paragraphs in a more organised way to avoid waffling.

Overall, I find that the tasks have improved my knowledge on certain topics that I have never spoken about. They have shown me how important it is to use the information you find to your advantage as it can completely change your starting opinion about the topic and take in mind other opinions that can make you look at the topic in a new light.