I chose to read KRAPP, P. (2011) Noise Channels: Glitch and Error in Digital Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. This book is an analysis and study of creative expression in digital culture with the particular support of malfunction and glitch. Peter Krapp explains “there is arguably no art without any constraints at all” meaning all matter of subject has limitations. Chapter 1 rejects the view that hypertext may cause the end of creative writing. For example, he references historical writers and their collections of research references (index cards) as a similarity to hypertext, for example, he talks about Gerhart Hauptmann writing thoughts and notes on his bedroom wall. The book determines new media as not narrative based and that digital culture lacks predetermined order. Krapp stands up for hypertext and computer-based research pointing out memory as an unreliable source. He references art critics and curators e.g. Jasia Reichardt and discusses throughout the book Claude Shannon, who’s best known for information theory. Chapter 2 presents digital culture as a fuel of human rights movements. Krapp talks about hackers using systems as a means of freedom of speech. Krapp stands up for hacktivism saying “sit-ins and virtual blockades, e-mail flooders and computer worms declare themselves interactive digital art projects” showing it as a non-violent means of creating change in the same way artists hope they will change others. He mentions artists such as George Legrady who is particularly interested in the use of data processing as a mode of practice which is of particular interest to me and may inspire my practice.