Tag: anaerobic digestion

Events Roundup – Sep 18 – AD Network

SEP

NEPIC International Bioresources Conference 2018, Durham, 20th September 2018

The NEPIC International Bioresources Conference brings together a large gathering of senior industrialists, business leaders, scientists, academics and agriculturalists from across global markets to hear some of the latest developments in the circular economy and bioresources sector.

See: www.nepic.co.uk/event/nepic-international-bioresources-conference/

 

KTN/INNOVATE: Food security, sustainable agriculture, blue growth and the bioeconomy: Horizon 2020 Information & Brokerage Event, London, 26th September 2018

Innovate UK and the Knowledge Transfer Network are hosting the Horizon 2020 Societal Challenge 2 (food security, sustainable agriculture and forestry, marine, maritime and inland water research and the bioeconomy) event which is aimed at supporting collaboration across the UK and Europe.

 See: https://ktn-uk.co.uk/events/food-security-sustainable-agriculture-blue-growth-and-the-bioeconomy-horizon-2020-information-brokerage-event  

 

OCT

 

The Big Green Expo (Southampton) 2018: Environmental & Facilities Management Support, Southampton, 2nd October 2018

The aim of the Expo is to improve efficiencies, drive down the cost of running a business facility and its environmental impact – and to meet the expectations of customers and staff.

See: http://thebiggreenevent.co.uk/

 

IBBK: Progress in the treatment and application of manure and digestate products, Schwäbisch Hall, Germany, 16/18th October 2018

International conference with trade exhibition and excursion

See: http://ibbk-biogas.de/en-gb/konf-okt2018-science-meets-practice

 

Microbiology Society: Focused Meeting 2018: Microbiomes Underpinning Agriculture, Cork, Ireland, 1/2nd October 2018

See: https://microbiologysociety.org/event/society-events-and-meetings/focused-meeting-2018-microbiomes-underpinning-agriculture.html

 

STFC B4I Chemical Event, Redcar, 17 October 2018

Bridging for Innovators (b4i) funding now available to support UK industry. Bridging for Innovators (B4I) is a programme run by STFC to support UK industry to overcome challenging product, manufacturing or process performance. Accessing our unique laboratories and engaging with world class researchers, you will develop projects that address your specific challenge and help you make a step-change to your business.

See: https://www.ktn-uk.co.uk/events/stfc-b4i-chemical-event

 

EBRI: Value from Waste Masterclass, West Bromwich, 17-18th October 2018

EBRI’s series of Master Class Courses provides exclusive content for entrepreneurs and business leaders covering the technical and commercial fundamentals of bioenergy. Companies looking to develop new products and services can benefit from attending this event, as can those who are simply looking for a better understanding of the bioenergy market. FREE to SME businesses located within specified West Midlands Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) areas.

See: http://bioenergy-for-business.org/calendar/ 

 

NPRONET Community Meeting 2018, Midland Hotel, Manchester, 29-30th October 2018

At the event we will hear from some of our industrial and academic members about what the network has done for them over last 5 years, how industrial biotechnology has changed during this period and what challenges lie ahead. The programme will also include updates on recent research progress in the field as well as a session discussing the network moving forward.

Registration is free, including accommodation and dinner on the evening of the 29th October in Manchester.

See: http://npronet.com/events/

 

Introductory Course in Algaculture for Biotechnology, Oban, 30-31st October 2018

The course is delivered by leading algal scientists in the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) associated with the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa. Free to PHYCONET members.

See: http://www.phyconet.org.uk/event/introductory-course-in-algaculture-for-biotechnology

 

Bioscience Careers Day, Manchester, 27th October 2018

The Royal Society of Biology flagship event for biosciences students. See: http://bcd.rsb.org.uk/

 

NOV

KTN: Women in Innovation: Building Success

Cardiff 5th November 2018; Glasgow 28th November 2018; Belfast 5th March 2019

Take the opportunity to network with like-minded women, learn from experts and hear from successful female entrepreneurs.

See: https://ktn-uk.co.uk/events/women-in-innovation-building-success-cardiff

 

Future of Biogas Europe, London, 7th-8th November 2018

See: http://ibbk-biogas.de/future-of-biogas-europe-2018

 

Synthetic Biology UK 2018, Bristol, 19/20th November 2018

See: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/brissynbio/events/2018/sbuk-2018.html

 

British Council Researcher Links Event: UK-Russia Workshop – Scientific and Technical Grounds of Future Low-Carbon Propulsion, Northumbria University, 19 – 22nd November 2018

The workshop will be organized with the following sessions: Bioresources and advanced biofuels for low-carbon propulsion; Electrification in transport; Waste energy recovery systems; Mathematical modeling of low-carbon propulsion systems. Application deadline: 1st August 2018

See: www.britishcouncil.org/education/science/current-opportunities/international-research-workshops

 

PHYCONET Annual Conference, Wesley Hotel, London, 8 – 9th November 2018

See: http://www.phyconet.org.uk/events

 

2019

Third Agri-Food Study Group, Nottingham, 29 April 2019

Express your interest to attend this unique event. This three-day Study Group held at Nottingham University (29th April – 1st May) will bring mathematical science researchers from across the UK to work on a number of industry problems over three intensive workshop days to come up with solutions to industry problems from areas as diverse as agriculture, food production and biotechnology. At this stage, the call is for companies to send problems to us: registration details for participants will be available soon.

See: https://ktn-uk.co.uk/events/third-agri-food-study-group 

Roundup of PhD opportunities – Mar 18

 

Finding optimum mixing condition in an anaerobic digester using computational fluid dynamics approach for sustainable production of chemicals and materials, Aberdeen University
Supervisors:  Dr A Majumder, Dr J Derksen Application
Deadline 15th April 2018
Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

Anaerobic digestion of food waste for the production of chemicals, Aberdeen University
Supervisors: Dr D Dionisi , Dr C Fernandez-Martin Application
Deadline 15th April 2018
Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

Microwave-assisted pre-treatment for the cost-effective anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic substrates, Aberdeen University
Supervisors:  Dr C Fernandez-Martin , Dr D Dionisi
Deadline 15th April 2018
Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

Policies and Politics: an investigation of how anaerobic digestion processes comply with current environmental policies, Aberdeen University
Supervisors: Dr D Toke, Dr T Kiso
Deadline 15th April 2018
Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

A risk framework to establish the ecotoxicity and fate of anaerobic digestate in soil, Aberdeen University
Supervisors: Dr G I Paton, Dr G Norton
Deadline 15th April 2018
Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

Separation of chemicals obtained from the anaerobic fermentation of organic waste, Aberdeen University
Supervisors:Dr D Dionisi, Dr A Majumder
Deadline: Applications accepted all year round
Self-Funded PhD Students Only

Producing chemicals and materials sustainably: Understanding the economic implications and firms decision making, Aberdeen University
Supervisors: Prof E Phimister, Dr J Cai
Deadline 15th April 2018
Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

Heat pump assisted distillation for the energy efficient separation of the liquid phase products from anaerobic digestion, Aberdeen University
Supervisors: Dr M N Campbell-Bannerman, Dr A Majumder
Deadline 15th April 2018
Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

Catalytic conversion of syngas to oxygenates for the efficient upgrading of biogas, Aberdeen University
Supervisors: Dr P Kechagiopoulos, Prof J Anderson
Deadline: 15th April 2018
Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

Catalytic conversion of biogas to ethylene, Aberdeen University
Supervisors: Dr P Kechagiopoulos, Prof J Anderson
Deadline: 15th April 2018
Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

Tailored biopolymer production from waste streams: low-cost value added bioprocessing, University of Birmingham
Supervisors: Dr T Overton, Dr M Jenkins
Deadline: Applications accepted all year round
Self-Funded PhD Students Only

In this project, you will capitalize on the expertise held in the group to fabricate microbial bioreactors and fermenters. In particular, you will develop new materials and 3D printing methods to enable fabrication of biocompatible fermenters, University of Edinburgh
Supervisor: Dr S Dimartino
Deadline 10th December 2018
Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only)

Roundup of PhD Opportunities – Jan 18

Catalytic Conversion of Organic Acid By-Products from Sustainable Processes,
University of Sheffield
Supervisor: Dr J McGregor
Deadline: 24th January 2018
Competition Funded PhD Project (Students Worldwide)

 

Microbial Process Engineering for Bioenergy Generation and Production of Value-Added Chemicals, University of Sheffield
Supervisor: Dr S Vaidyanathan
Deadline 24th January 2018
Competition Funded PhD Project (Students Worldwide)

 

Cooking with Gas: Can Anaerobic Digestion Reduce the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Cow Manures and Slurries?, University of Nottingham
Supervisor: Dr H West Application
Deadline 31st January 31, 2018
Competition Funded PhD Project (Students Worldwide)


Design of microbial cell factories and novel bioreactors for the production of high value natural products, University of Edinburgh
Supervisor: Dr L Rios Solis
Deadline 30th June 2018
Funded PhD Project (Students Worldwide)


Integration of Sustainability Assessment and Global Optimization for Sustainable Production of Biofuels and Chemicals, University of Manchester
Supervisors: Dr R Cuellar-Franca , Dr N Zhang , Dr J Li
Applications accepted all year round
Self-Funded PhD Students Only

 

Energy generation from lignocellulosic wastes, University of Huddersfield
Supervisor: Prof. P Humphreys / Dr S Rout
Deadline:Applications accepted all year round
Self-Funded PhD Students Only

 

 

Integration of Sustainability Assessment and Global Optimization for Sustainable Production of Biofuels and Chemicals, University of Manchester
Supervisor: Dr R Cuellar-Franca / Dr N Zhang / Dr J Li
Deadline: Applications accepted all year round
Self-Funded PhD Students Only

AD Network Event and Training Roundup – Jan 18

Events to Note

Unavoidable food waste in Yorkshire: opportunities to add value. 27 Feb 18, Holiday Inn York, Tadcaster Road YO24 1QF, 10.00-13.00 hrs. Free of charge.

EPSRC: Systems Change Thinking – Creating Value from Unavoidable Food Supply Chain Wastes, Sutton Bonnington, University of Nottingham. 16th January 2018

REA Event – UK Biomethane Day 2018, Birmingham. 2nd May 2018

 

KTN Events

 

KTN: Innovation Funding for Ambitious Businesses in the Midlands Engine, Coventry, Tue, 30 Jan. 

KTN: How to win funds and influence people, Various venues. Wales. Various dates, March 2018. Half day workshops across Wales to explore what a good grant application looks like…and some of the pitfalls to avoid.

KTN: North West Innovation 2018: Unlock Your Business Growth and Productivity, Daresbury. 8th February 2018.

 

NIBB Events

HVCfP: Workshop – Plant cell cultures: production of high value chemicals, Macdonald Hotel Holyrood, Edinburgh. 28th February 2018.

HVCfP: Workshop – Application of IB to to identification and recovery of high value products from plant waste, Colworth Park, Bedfordshire. 10th April 2018.

CBMNet: Biochemical Society Focused Meeting: Structure and mechanism of membrane proteins, Aston University. 2/3rd August 2018.

CBMNet: Biochemical Society Training Event: Experimental techniques for studying proteins and lipids in biological membranes, Aston University. 31st July–1st August 2018. This two-day training event for early career researchers comprise lectures, case study exercises and laboratory-based practical sessions.

C1net Final Conference, East Midlands Conference Centre, Nottingham 21-23 January 2019.

 

Overseas Events

IMPACT of the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant in industrial biotechnology – towards a sustainable economy, Ghent. 19th February 2018.

The Irish Bioenergy Association (IrBEA) National Conference – Bioenergy Future Ireland 2018, Dublin. 21st February 2018

5th International Conference on Renewable Energy Gas Technology, REGATEC 2018, Toulouse, France. 3-4th May 2018. REGATEC has a technical and industrial focus and is directed towards bio-, electro-, and thermochemical conversion of biomass/waste to biomethane, biomass gasification for CHP production and industrial use as well as cryogenic upgrading/liquefaction.

The 3rd International Conference on Recent Advances in Pollution Control and Resource Recovery for the Livestock Farming Industry” (Livestock Waste 2018), Xiamen, China. 26-28th July 2018. This conference aims to seek solutions for the environmental issues associated with the management of animal manure and wastewater. Deadline for abstracts: 1st March 2018.

Biogas Science, Torino, Italy. 17/19th September 2018. Abstract deadlines: 19th January/27th April 2018.

The International Biomass Congress & Expo & the International Biogas Congress & Expo, Berlin, 10/11th October 2018.

 

Other Events and Courses

3rd N8 Biophysical and Biochemical Symposium, “Dynamics, Kinetics and Thermodynamics“, Manchester. 12th January 2018. The focus of the symposium will be the use of biophysical techniques to determine dynamics, kinetics and thermodynamics of biological processes.

Bio-resources – Getting the most out of sludge, Peterborough. 24th January 2018

Masters & PhD Study Fairs 2018 (Birmingham; Bristol; Sheffield; Liverpool; Edinburgh). Meet representatives from top universities both in the UK and abroad and get Masters & PhD application advice. University of Birmingham – 24 January; Sheffield – 14 February; University of Liverpool – 15 February; University of Edinburgh – 21 February.

Biogas HANDS ON UK, Cambridge. 5th-8th February 2018. IBBK Biogas will run a 4-day Engineering & Operating Course including a biogas plant visit.

Energy Storage and Connected Systems 2018, Olympia Conference Centre, London. 6/7th February 2018

2nd International Conference on Marine Biomass as Renewable Energy, Glasgow. 5/6th March 2018

The Business Of Science Conference, Liverpool. 17th May 2018

Biovale: Innovation Biocamp, Hawkhills, Yorkshire. 3-8th June 2018. Start-up, bio-based businesses can benefit from fully funded, intensive business training for successful innovation. The BioBase4SME project is now providing start-up companies working in the bioeconomy with €7,000 worth of specialist training, fully funded by the project. Deadline for applications: 20th April 2018.

New Scientist Live, ExCeL Centre, London 20-23 September 2018

 

AD Network Training Roundup – Oct 17

Odour management: An introduction to odour regulation, assessment and control. 6th December 2017, Aqua Enviro Event Suite, Wakefield

Phosphorus Removal and Tertiary Treatment Processes. 7th December 2017, Aqua Enviro Training Suite, Wakefield

Design of Activated Sludge Systems. 20th February 2018, Aqua Enviro Training Suite, Wakefield

Operation & Control of Activated Sludge Plants. 21st February 2018, Aqua Enviro Event Suite, Wakefield

Microscopic Examination for the Operation & Control of Wastewater Treatment Plants. 22nd February 2018, Aqua Enviro Training Suite, Wakefield

Digester operation and making the most of the digestate. 24/25th April 2018 Wakefield

Advanced Training Partnerships, January 2018.

  • Online Training for Biotech Industries via Industrial Biotechnology Distance Learning.

Next modules start January 2018. See: http://www.ind-biotech.com/ .

~Biorenewable Feedstocks

~Biorefining Technologies

~Carbon Footprinting and Life Cycle Assessment

~Drivers of the Bio-economy

~Waste Stream Valorisation

~Genetics and Genomics

~Biobased Product Development

~Climate Change

  • On- Farm Anaerobic Digestion (AD), May 2018

This 12 week module will explore the role of anaerobic digestion (AD) as an important technology to improve the sustainability of the food production system. See: http://www.atp-pasture.org.uk/en/study-options/distance-learning-modules/anaerobic-digestion-ad-distance-learning-course .

  • The Biovale Special Interest Group are running a learning event  “Focus on Feedstock” on 1 Nov 17 in York

 

AD Publications of Interest

The World Biogas Association provide access to a range of information ranging from current market reports to “A critical review of the VFA/TA (FOS/TAC) method”. See: http://www.worldbiogasassociation.org/ .

Keep up to date with a host of recent AD publications from the Research Group at Southampton University via their BORRG page. See:  http://www.bioenergy.soton.ac.uk/publications.htm

Who’s who. An overview of the state of AD research across Europe unsurprisingly highlights Germany as the lead for papers whilst the Technical University of Denmark stands out as the highest publishing institution. But how did the UK fare…

Technology overview of biogas production in anaerobic digestion plants: A European evaluation of research and development. Rafaela Lora Grando, et al.  Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80: 44-53. See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117307074 .

Integration of Power to Methane in a waste water treatment plant – A feasibility study. Tim Patterson, University of South Wales et al. Bioresource Technology 245(A): 1049-1057 – December 2017. See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852417315973 .

Biological methanation of CO2 in a novel biofilm plug-flow reactor: A high rate and low parasitic energy process. Savvas Savvas, University of South Wales et al. Applied Energy 202:238-247 – September 2017. See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261917306748 .

A critical review of integration analysis of microbial electrosynthesis (MES) systems with waste biorefineries for the production of biofuel and chemical from reuse of CO2. Jhuma Sadhukhana, University of Surrey et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56: 116-132 – April 2016

Advances towards understanding and engineering direct interspecies electron transfer in anaerobic digestion. Sajib Barua and Bipro Ranjan Dhar, University of Alberta. Bioresource Technology 244: 698-707-November 2017

AD Network Roundup of AD-related training opportunities

REA Event – Understanding and applying HACCP to anaerobic digestion, Bristol – 22nd Sept 2017

REA is running a one day course focused on HACCP planning for AD operators and developers, with focus on digestate safety and quality. This event is open to both members and non-members.

See: www.r-e-a.net/events/rea-event-understanding-and-applying-haccp-to-anaerobic-digestion-22-09-17 .

REA/ORG Event – Understanding PAS100 in Full, Reading – 1st November 2017

The Organics Recycling Group is running a one day course focused on the PAS 100 and REAL Compost Certification Scheme. The course is targeted at the composter’s personnel who are involved in the establishment implementaion, maintenance and improvement of the PAS 100 quality management system. See: www.r-e-a.net/events/rea-org-event-understanding-pas100-in-full .

International Intensive Biogas Training – Practical Digester Biology, Enniskillen, Northern Ireland – 22/24th November 2017

For the second time the Centre for Renewable Energy & Sustainable Technologies (CREST) and the International Biogas and Bioenergy Center of Competence (IBBK Fachgruppe Biogas) will be running a 3-day in-depth Biogas HANDS ON Operators & Planners Course at the South West College in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland. The course will be delivered by biogas experts from Germany and UK with many years of practical experience in the biogas sector.

See: http://biogas-training.uk/ .

Aqua Enviro Event: Odour management: An introduction to odour regulation, assessment and control, Aqua Enviro Training Suite, Wakefield – 6th Dec 2017,

This course provides delegates with a thorough understanding of how environmental odours are assessed, managed and regulated.

See: http://www.aquaenviro.co.uk/courses/introduction-to-odour-modelling-for-the-management-and-control-of-odours-at-wastewater-treatment-plants/ .

Jobs and PhD Roundup – Looking to study or work in AD or IB?

The Biochemical Society will soon be launching a Job Board, listing molecular bioscience vacancies (within both academia and industry). For more information contact Lorenza Giannella, Training Manager  – Lorenza.giannella@biochemistry.org .

 

PhD Opportunities

Are you starting your first year of either Masters or PhD study between September & October 2017? Each year FindAMasters.com and FindAPhD.com award £12,000 in scholarships for postgraduate study. See: www.findaphd.com/funding/postgraduate-phd-scholarships/scholarships.aspx .

Optimising microbial production of lactic acid from municipal solid waste (MSW); Insights into genome stability for industrial biotechnology (IB). Aberystwyth University. Supervisor: Dr j Gallagher. Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only) Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only). Deadline: Monday, 17th July 2017

Developing soil health indicators to inform land management decisions, increase crop yield and quality and reduce waste. University of Reading, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science. Supervisor: Dr T Sizmur , Prof C D Collins. Funded PhD Project (UK Students Only). Application Deadline  1st October 2017.

CFD-PBM model for particle flow in biomass thermochemical conversion. Aston University, School of Engineering & Applied Science. Supervisor: Dr X Yu. Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only). Application Deadline Friday, June 30th 2017.

Tailored biopolymer production from waste streams: low-cost value added bioprocessing. University of Birmingham, School of Chemical Engineering. Supervisor: Dr T Overton ; Dr M Jenkins. Self-Funded PhD Students Only. Application Deadline Applications accepted all year round.

Innovative biological processes for the production of chemicals from organic waste AND Separation of chemicals obtained from the anaerobic fermentation of organic waste. Aberdeen University, School of Engineering. Supervisor: Dr D Dionisi ; Dr A Majumder. Self-Funded PhD Students Only. Application Deadline Applications accepted all year round.

Innovative engineering and scientific design of methane oxidising biofilters to control greenhouse gas emissions. University of Southampton, Engineering & the Environment. Supervisor: Prof W Powrie. Funded PhD Project (UK Students Only). Application Deadline Friday, June 30, 2017.

Application of circular economy thinking to industrial wastewater treatment operations University of Southampton, Engineering & the Environment. Supervisor: Prof I Williams. Funded PhD Project (UK Students Only). Application Deadline Friday, June 30, 2017.

PhD Studentship in Recovery of added value compounds from juice industry wastes. Lancaster University, Department of Engineering. Supervisor: Dr E Papaioannou. Funded PhD Project (European/UK Students Only). Application Deadline Monday, July 31, 2017.

Training Roundup – Looking for Anaerobic Digestion or Industrial Biotechnology Training?

PhD summer course: Host-microbe symbioses: from functional to ecological perspectives, Oeiras, Portugal, 9-21st July 2017. At only 300 Euros, this 2-week summer training course will fill up fast. Deadline for applications is 20th March. See: http://pages.igc.gulbenkian.pt/symbioses2017/ .

HVCfP: “Utilising genetic resources in R&D” training event, York, 13th July 2017. Did you know there that the use of some genetic resources in R&D is now covered by EU Regulations and UK law? The ‘Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity’ is an international agreement designed to provide a legal framework to ensure that  benefits arising from the use of genetic resources are shared fairly. It establishes a legal framework governing access to genetic resources and the traditional knowledge associated with them. This free training event is open to all NIBB members. See: https://hvcfp.net/events/utilising-genetic-resources-in-rd/ .

Innovation Biocamp York, UK – 23-28th July 2017. The University of York and BioVale are organising an “innovation biocamp”, a one-week business skills training event for start-ups and new companies in the bioeconomy. The training event is aimed at technology-oriented start-ups and SMEs who are based in North West Europe and work in the bioeconomy (biomass treatment and valorisation, industrial biotechnology, downstream processing, etc). More details can be found on the website https://www.biovale.org/event/innovation-biocamp/

Bioprocessing STARS Skills School, National Biologics Manufcturing Centre, Darlington,  11-15th September 2017. Do you want to find out how your career might develop working for industry, the differences between industrial- and academic-driven research and how the industrial environment matches your career ambitions?  Here’s your opportunity to answer these questions and find out much more about your ability to work in teams and how the innovative, entrepreneurial spirit drives research translation. At our week-long, intensive residential training programme, designed around the insights and advice of senior industrialists, you will take part in group-based activities and work with real-life industrial case studies. The programme is designed to engage with the process of entrepreneurship, focus on the development of the ability to promote research ideas and their value to audiences and the key importance of the societal impact of industrial biotechnology. Registration and more details https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/skillsschool

Aqua Enviro “Odour management: An introduction to odour regulation, assessment and control”, Aqua Enviro Training Suite, Wakefield, 6th December 2017. See: http://www.aquaenviro.co.uk/courses/introduction-to-odour-modelling-for-the-management-and-control-of-odours-at-wastewater-treatment-plants/ .

Aqua Enviro “Phosphorus Removal and Tertiary Treatment Processes”, Aqua Enviro Training Suite, Wakefield – 7th December 2017. See: http://www.aquaenviro.co.uk/courses/phosphorus-removal-and-tertiary-treatment-processes/ .